Vocab around the house

Introductory It

A. To understand this lesson is easy.

B. It is easy to understand this lesson.

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.

A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.

Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

• A word when usedin sentence, do not influence the sentences meaning because it’s meaning have

• Been contained by other sentence element. Introductory it earn also function as word change the.

• It serve the purpose of subject and also object.

• It Accommodating with the word it’s change

• As subject weather situation

Example :

- Today is hot

• it is hot today

- Yesterday was cloudy

• It was cloudy yesterday

- Summer is of note of rainy

• It is of note of rainy in summer.

Showing distance

- How far is the station to your home.

- My house is far away from here.

- Is the mosque far from here

- How far is it to your home

- It is about 24 km

- Is it far from here

- Assuring / explaining tio infinitive (showing condition of)

- To do the test is not easy

* It is not easy to do the test.

- To study math is very interesting

* it is very interesting to study math

- To meet you again will be nice

* it will be nice to meet you again

• As object Assuring / explaining to infinitive (showing condition of )

News Item

News Item

• News Item text is a factual text which inform the reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarded as newsworthy or important.

Purpose text of News Item :

To inform the reader or listener. Clear objectives News Item is to inform the news to the readers or listeners . Purpose you read the news or not to obtain information from sources that clearly.

The generic structure of news item :

Correspondence

Newsworthy events :

Recounts the event in summary form

Background events :

Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.

Linguistic features :

Action Verbs.

Verbal Verbs.

Mental Verbs.

Temporal Circumstances.

Spatial Circumstances.

Specific Participants.

Structure of the text consist of three parts :

Core write news or events that are considered important

Write the background or the cause of the event

Write a news source, usually contains about quotes from the usual resource witness, or senior official associated with the event.

To distinguish the type of news item text and other text that is easy for news item has a unique feature that is preceded by a city or place. Another characteristic that is the excerpt from the resource persons.

Prepositions of Time: at, on, in

A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method.

Preposition in usage with periods of times and places.
Examples:
• Months = in April
• Seasons = in winter
• Country = in Greece
• City or town names = in New York
• Times of the day = in the morning, afternoon, or evening.

Exception: at noon, at night
 Preposition on usage with specific days.

Examples: on Friday, on New Year’s Day, on April 16

Note: American English = ‘on the weekend’ or on ‘weekends’
 Preposition at usage with specific times and specific places.

Examples: at 7 o’clock, at 6.15, at night, at school

Note: British English = ‘at the weekend’ or ‘at weekends’

Narrative Text

The Legend of Karimunjava Island

Once upon a time in muria mountain, there lived the family of sunan muria. Amir Hasan or called as Sunan Nyamplungan is the son of Sunan Muria.

He was very spoiled by his mother. Because of that, he became a naughty boy.

Then his father, Sunan Muria asked him to study in kudus. He studied islamic religion to his uncle, Sunan Kudus. After some time, he became an obedient young man. Sunan Muria was very proud of him.

One day, Sunan Muria asked Amir Hasan to go to somewhere to spread islamic religion. His father asked him to go to an island that could be seen from muria mountain. it was on the west - north of jepara. this island seemed to be fade (kremun-kremun in javanese). and from that time, people called the island as karimunjava island.

Amir Hasan followed by his mate went to karimunjava island. they sailed to the island day and night and finally they reached the island. then they did what his father said. amir hasan and his people lived in the island ever after.



Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.

Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.

Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.

Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.

Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Offering

Definition
The making available of a new securities issue to the public through an underwriting. also called public offering.

Way to say it

* Would you like a cup of tea, Mr malik?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. gery?
* Would you care some candy?

In the following dialogue is given some examples of expressions when we are going to offer something to someone else.

gaby: Here. Have a cookie.
dubai: Thanks

nia : Would you like some cake?
budi : No thank you. It looks delicious though

jesica: How about a glass of coffee?
dita: Thanks, but I don’t drink coffee.

novia: What will you have (to drink)?
rilan : Manggo juice will be fine.

sanny: Would you like some more pie?
toro : Sure. It’s really good. Did you bake it yourself?

vivi : Can I get you some milk or something?
togi : Well, a glass of water would be okay.


a : Here. Have a cookie.
b : Thanks.

a : Would you like some pie?
b : No thank you. It looks delicious though.



a:How about a glass of wine?
b:thanks, but I don't drink (alcohol).

a : What will you have (to drink)?
b : Orange juice will be fine.

a :Would you like some more cake?
b :Sure. It's really good. Did you bake it yourself ?



a :Can I get you some milk or something?
b :Well, a glass of water would be okay.

Asking if someone remember or not

*to ask someone if he remember about something or not.

Formal expressions:
* I wonder if you remember.....
* You remember...., don’t you?
* You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
* Don’t you remember.....?
* Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:
-Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:
*Hold on. Yes, got it!
*I know.....
* It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:
* Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
* I’m affraid I forget.
* I really can’t remember.
* I’m afraid I have no memory of him
* Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
* Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Passive Voice

Definition :

A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the
subject of a sentence. Thatis,whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence. Take a look at this passive repharasing of a familiar joke.

Example passive Voice
Tense
Simple present : we take a cake.( Active) , a cake is taken by us.(Passive)

Tenses
Simple past : we took a cake(Active) , a cake was taken by us(Passive )

Tenses
Simple future : we will take a cake (Active) , a cake will be taken by us(passive)

Tenses Active
Present perfect: we has taken a cake(Active) , a cake has been taken by us(Passive)

Tenses
Past perfect : we had taken a cake (Active) ,a cake had been taken us(Passive)


Tenses active passive
Going to future : we are going to take a cake in the table. A cake is going to be taken by us in the table.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
-the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
-The finite from of the verb is changed( to be + past participle)
-The subject of the active sentence become the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Agent
In a passive clause,we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent – the person or thing tahat does the action,or that causes what happens.

Example :
• Tiara makes coffea every morning
S + verb1 + s/es + O + C (adv.of time)
• Coffea is made by Tiara every morning.
S + to be + V3 + Agent + C (adv.of time)


If you want to change a active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms,there are two ways :
1. make it’s indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. make it’s direct object into the subject of the passive sentences.

Example :
Active : Rere is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
Indirect object direct object

Passive :
The indirect object as the subject
Rere’s girl-friends is being given a bunch of flower.

Passive :
The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to Rere’s girl- friend.

Descriptive text

Rafflesia Arnoldii

Rafflesia Arnoldii is a rare flower that is well known because of the size of the flower's petals and the smell of rotten meat that it gives out.

This enormous and rare flower grows in the forest of Southeast Asia, including the Phillipines. Its large flower can grow to 3 meters in diameter and weigh up to 11 kilograms. It does not have any leaves, stem, or roots and because of lacking clorophyls this plant can not photosynthesize making it a parasite, living on other plants nutrition. The flower has five petals red in colour and has white spots, which surrounds the middle of the flower much like a hole. At the base of the flower there is a part which has needles and contains the reproduction parts of the flower.

Rafflesia Arnoldii reproduces with the help of flies that are attracted to the flowers smell (which some observers say smells much like bad meat and rotten eggs mixed). The flower only lasts for five to seven days and then dies.

The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

A descriptive text has two parts,the Description and the identification.

The social function : to describe a particular person,place or thing
The language use the daily languages.

Generic structure
Identification : identifies phenomenon to be described.
Description : describes parts qualities characterizations

Significant Lexicogrammatical features.
- Focus on specific participants
- Use of attributes and identifying processes
- Frequent , use of epithets and classifiers in nominal groups.
- Use of simple present tenses

Asking information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:
Could you tell me...?
Do you know...?
Do you happen to know...?
I'd like to know...
Could you find out...?
I'm interested in...
I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
-I'm calling to find out...
-I'm calling about...

Asking for Information

Information about company
What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

*We produce marketing materials.
*We specialize in art and design.

what are your major products?
What services do you provide?

We produce office machines.
We design software.
We provide technical support.

Information about products
Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

This is one of our top brands.
It's our best selling refrigerator.
This one is the best in its class.
We're really pleased with its performance.
It's an excellent computer.
I highly recommend this one.
This model comes with several features.
This particular one has two components.

Information about Price What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

This (one) sells for $5900.
This one goes for $2900.
This one is priced at $9695.

Direct and Indirect speech

Direct speech
Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact word oe saying exactly what someone has said(sometimes called quoted speech) here what a peson says appears within quotation marks(“….”) and should be word for word.
For example :
She said,”today’s lesson is on presentations.” Or
“Today’s lesson is on presentations,” she said.

Indirect speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),doesn’t use quotation marks to enclpse what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

For example :” I’m going to the cinema”,he said – he said he was going to the cinema.

Tense Change
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. Because when we use reported speech,we are usually talking about a time in the past. Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are : Tell , other command , ask,warn remind

Simple present - Past tenses
Vita said” I eat fried rice” vita said that she ate fried rice

Simple past - Past perfect
Mother said” I went to market yesterday” - mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Simple future - Past future
Dave said” I will buy an i-pod nexk week’ - Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after.

Present continuous - Past continuous
Gama said” I’m playing football” - Gama said he was playing football

Past continuous - Past perfect continuous
She said” I was teaching earlier” - she said she had been teaching earlier

-when report what someone said,don’t usually repeat their exact weords,use our words, we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by”that clause”
example : my mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

In time expression and pronouns

Direct speech
-now
-today/tonight
-Yesterday
-tomorrow
-last week
-next week
-ago
-this/these
-here
-pronouns

indirect speech
-then
-that day/that night
-the day before/the previous day
-the next/following day
-the previous week
-the following week/the week after
-before
-that/those
-there
-they changes according to the context

Modal verb froms also sometimes change :

Direct speech
Will
Can
Must
Shall
May

indirect speech
would
could
had
should
might

Note – there is no change to;could,would,should,might and ought too.
Direct speech
“I might go to the cinema”, he said

Indirect speech
He said he might go to cinema.

Modals in the past form

Modals
present Past
can could
will would
shall should
may might

1. Could + Verb base

• to offer suggestions or possibilities Example: Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.
Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.
Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

• to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example: Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?
Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.

• to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door?
Could you pass the salt?
2. Would + Verb base

• for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

• insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example: Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?
Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

• to express polite requests

Example: Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?
Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?
Bella : No problem.
3. Should + Verb base

• to give definite advice (advisability)

Example: Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

• to express the subject’s obligation or duty:

Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base

• to tell possibilities

Example: David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

• To express polite requests

Example: Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

Invitation

Definition
something or sentences which we can use to invite someone or group to a party or a program.

* if we want invite someone, we can use :
1.would you like...?
2.can you come to ...
3.could you go to my home?
4.shall we...?
5.I'd like to invite you..
6.how about..
7.i would you like...

* accept an invitation
- o.k !
-that's a good idea
-thank's for your invitation
-that would be very nice. thank you !
-All right
-Thank you, I'll come...
-Of course ! I'll come ...
-Yes, I'll join to..

* to refuse / dealine an invitation
- that's nice unfortunately
- Sorry,that wouldn't be possible,thank's
- Sorry,because i have program
- Sorry,it's good,but i can't present it
- I'm awfully,sorry
- I would love,but..
- It's good,but..
- Sorry I'm busy....

Surprise & Disbelief

Surprise or disbeliefs is :
-a feeling that we feel when we heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us
-an expression that we show/say when we know/hear/see something that rather difficult to believe.
-Used to express something that we can’t or impossible.

To express surprise or disbeliefs :
-what a surprise !
-(well), that’s very surprising!
-Really?
-What?
-Oh,no…
-Are you serious?you must br jokin !
-You’re kidding !
-I must say…. Suprieses me
-I find that hard to belive

Surprising amazement of something :
-fantastic
-How marvelous/beautiful!
-it’s very interesting !
- it’s great! -it’s terrifict!
-wow,that’s amazing!
-wonderful!
-what a nice…
-what a lovely flower!
-hey,that’s really terrific

Gratitude, Compliment and Congratulation

Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.

Expressing gratitude:

•  I should like to express my gratitude
•  Thank you very much
•  Thanks for your help
•  How can I thank you?
•  I’m very grateful to you
•  I can’t thank you enough
•  I’m very much obliged to you.

Responding:

•  It was the least I could do
•  You’re welcome
•  No big deal
•  Don’t mention it
•  It’s a pleasure
•  That’s all right
•  Any time

Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:

•  Good grade!
•  Nice work
•  Excellent!
•  Good job!
•  You look great
•  What a nice t-shirt
•  I really must express my admiration for your dance
•  You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)

Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:

•  I must congratulate you
•  Please accept my warmest congratulations
•  I’d like to be first to congratulate you
•  Congratulations on your success
•  Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!